• Title Table of contents
• Abbreviations
• Acknowledgment
• Abstract

• References.

I would like to present and conserve my gratitudes to all who helped me to make it possible to present this paper in the proper time:

First of all my thanks to Mrs. Saly Al-Tijani the Chief of International Press Officer in the Royal Hashemite Court, and Miss Maha Akrouk from CEDARE, Mr. Yousef Hiassat the General Director of HUDC and Mr. William Halasa the president of MUDS. From the JES I would like to thank H.E. Mr. Ahmad Obeidat the President of JES. and Mr. Suliman Hanbali the Director of JES and Miss Thuraya Abu Hamam the Chief Secretarial Affairs of JES and My thanks to Ms Coleen Brown - Public Awareness Specialist for (DAI) / Development Alternative Incrpret to Mr. Munir Adgham, National Coordinator G.E.F and I don’t want to forget my thanks to my wife suad her patients and cooperation.

Jordan as a poor country that lacks natural resources such as water and agricultural land, and as third World country suffered from the phenomena of urbanization. for historical reasons Jordan found itself in a position to host millions of refugees in successive waves; which caused high rates in population growth and urban expansion. All this created disturbances in the ecological balance, social change and in ability in facing environmental problems. All this happened faster than what was planned, which needs a proper strategy.

Expansion of cities and urban increase of in habitants added pressure to the various environmental problems, such as; shortage of arable land, housing supply, rise of house rent, rising of land market, plus heavy burden on the infrastructure of cities in developing countries.

Modern style in urban life, changing cultural attitudes and social behavior as a result of investment in high education had changed local ideals in planning and technologies. The professionals became far away from the poorer groups who are the most people in need. Socio-economic development created a large gap between the poor and rich strata in the urban centers. Western architecture, international style and post modern architecture are interacting with traditional buildings, slums and shanty houses.

A house is linked to the land which became very expensive, while building materials are not readily available. The housing process also entails construction and labor costs. Therefor to obtain a house one needs a good income. Hence the need to provide low-cost housing for low-income groups.

The housing problem being the result of the interaction between three forces, one is the result of the other, and puts pressure on the others. A balanced solution is needed to keep an equilibrium between these three forces;

1. Shelter needs,
2. Housing standards,
3. Housing supply.

Any housing Policy has to keep the balance between the above mentioned forces. The Jordanian Government included these measures within the National Strategies of Environment and Housing in the last decade.

Environmental Problems in Jordan started with the rising of housing need in 1948 as a result of the Palestinian issue. The wars of the Middle East from 1967 until 1990 in the whole area from Lebanon to the Gulf added continuously more floods of refugees to Jordan in general and to Amman in particular. The last fifty years of housing history are rich of experiences in Jordan for both government and people in formal and informal sectors which changed of characteristics from decade to decade as not in others experiences else where, from which we can gain many lessons.

This word environment once meant natural habitat of animals plants and man, then meant human habitat; now a days environment means only problems and pollution or awareness of scarce of non renewable resources.

The factors of this issue are of interacting nature such as man-development in industrialization and Technology. in other words man -economy & laws. or life-cost and management or how we can manage our life within lowest cost. But it is not that simple. men are not so clever as we hoped. Man still makes big mistakes in his life and for his environment. Man chooses the easiest way, the ready made solutions. that leads to copy others solutions without thinking of the differences of his conditions the mis-use of technological discoveries and advantages create more and more problems in this world who lives in “Wars”, “big scale of increase in number of world populations”, the big gap between the rich and poor people, and the rich and poor countries “the dualism of the societies and within the societies of all sorts and kinds of dualism and opportunities economical, social, cultural and educational.

The gap between advanced and developed countries (the characteristics of differences between north & south), the outcoming advancing civilization based on industrialization; which creates different types of technologies; these results seen in pollution and damages of the environment.

The eavel is not in the technology in it self, but, in the misuse of this technology. Which led to industrialization, all kinds of migration, all kinds of unemployment, all kinds of poverty & economical dualism and bad distribution of national incomes.

The use & misuse of technology is sorted under planning. Planning is the key word of the environment & its problems.

The Middle East during the 20th century can be traced to the events surrounding World War I. During the conflict, the Ottoman Empire sided with the central powers against the Allies. Seeing an opportunity to liberate Arab lands from Turkish oppression. In 1919 the newly-founded League of Nations awarded Britain the mandates over Transjordan, Palestine and Iraq. The British proclaimed Abdullah Emir of the Emirate of Transjordan On May 15 1923, Amman became the capital city on May 25, 1946, the Transjordanian parliament proclaimed Abdullah King, while officially changing the name of the country to the Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan.

The King realized the need for a capable security force to establish and ensure the integrity of the state in defense. law, taxation, and other matters. Accordingly he set up the Arab Legion. Amman became the center of civil services mean while Zarqa town 30 Km to the east, became the military center of the country andstarted to absorb people from the desert and rural areas. Amman did the same but attracted people from surrounding countries specially in 1948, as a result of Arab-Israeli conflict in Palestine.

As a result of the war, many Palestinian Arabs from the Jordanian - Controlled areas found that union with Jordan was of vital importance to the preservation of Arab control over the “West Bank” territories which had fallen to the Israelis. consequently, in December 1948, a group of Palestinian Leaders and notables from the West Bank convened a historic conference in Jericho, where they called for King Abdullah to take immediate step to unite the two banks of the Jordan into a single state under his leadership.

Prior to the 1967 war, Jordan witnessed higher rates of economic growth than most other developing countries. A thriving construction industry provided job opportunities for Jordanians. The economy was further boosted by remittances from Jordanian expatriates who left to work in the countries of the Arabian Culf. The progress of the Kingdom under-went during these years gave rise to a new middle class of educated people keen on building themselves.

As a result of the 1967 war, more than 300,000 Palestinian Arabs became refugees and fled to Jordan. for many of them, this was the second up rooting in less than two decades, having been driven from their original homes in 1948. Jordan’s economy was also devastated. A bout 70% of Jordan’s agricultural land was located in the west bank.

In the face of brutal Israeli occupation, Palestinian nationalism continued to grow. At a Arab Summit Conference held in Rabat Morocco in 1974, King Hussein agreed to a summit declaration recognizing the PLO as the sole legitimate representative of the Palestinian people. In spite of that Jordan witnessed in the seventies levels of growth in many areas especially in services, construction and financial sectors. Jordan’s rapid economic and social development owed much to the oil boom enjoyed throughout the Middle East. Large remittances flowed in from the 400 thousends or so Jordanian citizens who supplied skilled labor mainly to the oil-rich gulf States. The Outbreak of the Lebanese Civil War in 1975 led to a large-Scat-fighting in the capital city of Beirut, destroying much of the city’s banking and insurance infrastructure. Accordingly, much of this regionally-oriented sector relocated to Amman, fueling a boom in service industries.

Another upheaval shook the Arab World when, on August 2,1991, Iraqi forces invaded and occupied neighboring Kuwait. Jordan with a population only about three and a half million people at that time; hosted over a million refugees from the conflict; and most of them resided in Jordan.

From this brief history the first thing to be noticed: that the country is very young, the resources are limited, the country is located in the middle of troubled area therefor Jordan has to support the great number of refugees at different waves. Housing the people was first priority. Housing was affected by people and in his turn housing affected on people. of course the housing problem rose in Jordan since 1948 and continued until today.

Housing in Jordan is related to the population growth. It is noticed that population was doubling each 15 years as follows:-

1. Population increased from 500,000 to 1,005,000, in 1965.
2. Population number reached 2,250,000, in 1980.
3. Population increased around 4,500,000, in 1995.

One can summaries the half historic picture as fallows:

1. The creation of the Kingdom.
2. The unification of the two banks of Jordan.
3. The movement of people -- Refugees influx.
4. Internal movement: (Migration):-

1. Regional
2. Rural Urban

1. - Survey in 1952
2. - Senues in 1961
3. - Internal movement studies done in 1965

1. UNRWA took control over official refugees camps: Amman - Zarqa - Irbid.
2. The born of un-official camps (illegal settlements).
3. Poor standards of Planning & architecture.

1. New wave of refugees after the war of 1967 (250.000 pers.).
2. Arrival of wealthy Lebanese(76).
3. Economic boom.
4. Fever of building & construction
5. Rise in prices of international market (cost of building materials).
6. High rents.

• Foundation of Housing Corporation, 1965.
• Foundation of Jordan Valley Authorety 1972.
• Housing Bank founded in 1975
• Introducing prefabrication system at:

1. Urban growth.
2. High rise in LAND cost.
3. Growth of illegal Houses & Settlements.
4. Enlarging the Socio-economic dualism gap.
5. Awareness of ENVIRONMENTAL Problems.

• Foundation of Urban Development Department in 1980
• Housing Strategy 1988.
• Environmental Strategy 1991.
• New Town Abu Nusair 1988.
• Post modern style introduced in local Arch.
• First graduates of Architects & engineers from Jordan University 1980.
• Population & Poverty (begining of disapperance of middle class).

Jordan’s environment is exposed to a number of threats. Some of there thetas are of local concern, others are of national in portance. Here, the focus is on threats of national importance.

Environmental issues identified mainly in fields;

• population growth.
• Water resources.
• Land and natural resources.
• urban and cultural resources.

Facing all these issues are related to the population growth coupled with inadequate public awareness and commitment is the major cause of environmental degradation.

A Sensus of houses was made in Jordan in 1952, and the population was enumerated. However, the first true population census was not carried out until 1961. Another sensus was carried out in 1979, but covered only the East Bank of Jordan.

The population in 1952 numbered I, 586, 885 in the East Bank in 1961 the population of East Bank was 900,776 inhabitants. In the November 1979 sensus, the population was 2,152,273, in 1991 reached the number of 3,571,000 while now a days estimated more than 4.500.000 in habitants.

This high population increase was brought about many factors (I) high birth rate over 3%, (ii) improved health standards and correspondingly longer life; (iii) waves of Palestinian refugees and returnees (1948,1967,1991); (iv) influx of expatriate workers (total of 316,000 in 1994 census).

It is not possible to accurately predict the future population of Jordan, because this does not only depend on the birth rate, but also on migration and regional political factors. Due to the high birth rate of the last few decades, the many women born in the sixties and seventies are now of child-bearing age. there fore, while the natural birth rate, dropped from 3.2% in 1970 to 2.0% to date, it is not expected to drop below this for many years to come. An overall population increase of around 3.5% annually till the year 2000, dropping to 3.3% in the first few years of the next century is a reasonable assumption. That means that Jordan’s population will increase to five million in the year 2000 and to seven million in 2010.

The environmental effects of population growth are compounded by the status of women in Jordan. The Jordanian Society like most East Mediterranean and Asian Societies is characterized by high natural birth rate, low participation of women in the work force, and modest involvement in political life. Women constitute only 11% of the labor force and the number of working women is only 13% of men. However, the status of Jordanian women is improving: illiteracy in rapidly declining and adult femal literacy is presently above 80%, and girls enrollment in primary schools is almost 100%. correspondingly women’s fertility rate which now stands at 5.4 has considerably dropped from the high figures in the sixties of 7.8.

Recent studies on poverty in Jordan indicated that around 21% of the population live below the poverty level of $ 190 per family per month, and that quarter of theses live in cpoverty, c.e. without official income for food and shelter.

Poverty by itself has an important impact on the environment in Jordan, as it leads to congestion, overcrowding and to settlement on land that is poorly, suited to and/ or not equipped for urban use. lack of infrastructure facilities, particularly sewage and waste collection further led to pollution and health hazards.

Poverty in Jordan is caused by large families with big dependency, one (or no) wage earlier for a family of 6-10, and high with rate: poverty is aggravated by a high unemployment rate. Although Jordan has a low percentage of the population below poverty level in comparison to other developing countries, where 30% of the population below the poverty line is common, rising poverty numbers is most serious in a country that always prided itself with its large middle income class is most serious. Action to deal with poverty means creating. Land use & desertification & rural - urban migration (geographical distribution).

Jordan experiences grave water shortages. Average rainfall is limited to 70-80mm on the average annually, with the mountainous region getting most of the rain. The country also does not also have rich regional or local rivers. The river Jordan, which is the most historically well known river in the world, is polluted and saline and runs almost dry most of the year due to the diversions upstream to outside Jordan, while the flow of Yarmouk River, which feeds the River Jordan, has been greatly reduced by activities upstream.

Ground water refers to quantities of available renewable resources were estimated at 280 Mm3 annually. Quantities of available non-renewable ground water (which has no re-charge) are estimated at 118 Mm3 over a period of 100 years. The surface water refers to river water stream discharge, flowing valleys and flood water in winter, estimated at around 755 Mm3. The non-traditional water refers to treated water from waste treatment plants, estimated at 60Mm3. An estimated 97% of the population is served by water provision networks, and 54% of the total population is served by sewerage treatment networks.

The quantities of water used for domestic and industrial uses are estimated at 197 Mm3 in 1989; 165 Mm3 of which came from ground water and 32 Mm3 from springs. Most of this water is consumed in Amman and other main cities, due to the high living standards and high population density found there.

The net deficit of water in Jordan in renewable ground water of more than 90Mm3 is due to depletion of the main water basins.

The limited sources of water (present and future), climatic conditions, and geographic position affect water sources directly.

The depletion of some water sources and concentrated exploitation of some main ground water basins have led to the depletion of their water reserves like Amman - Zarqa and Zraq rivers.

Depletion of ground water and open channel methods have led to the deterioration of ground water quality. Discharge of industrial wastes of all kinds without treatment in the Amman area has caused ground water pollution in the upper strata, with all types of organic and chemical pollution.

There is severe competition for water. The absence of clear policy for allocating water use has resulted in scarcity and competition by the following sub-sectors:

Kind of Water	percent of total water consumed
Potable	20 %
Irrigation	75 %
Industry	05 %

There are a number of issues related to improving efficiency of water use systems, special attention in delivery of potable water needs to be paid to decreasing water loss in networks.

Demand for all purposes of water use continues to increase specially on potable water, due to high population growth in Jordan (3.6% annually) and rising living standards of the population, also the industrial sector has become very active in recent years.

The handling or mis-handling of waste water is an increasing concern. There are a number issues which relate to performance of sewage treatment plants, and the system networks.

The rapid population increase causes environmental stress on water, which has to be rationed and a large part of the urban population suffers from water shortages during summer months.

Inadequate sanitation and sewage treatment facilities lead to ground water pollution and air pollution. Increased over crowding and bad housing conditions, particularly for low income groups, contribute to pollution of nearby urban surroundings.

Preserving water quality has become as much of a challenge as increasing and procuring new sources. The limited water resources in the country is going to strain the economy and the environment in many ways. First of all it calls for major investments in water resources and networks; secondly it does not allow Jordan to pursue many activities, because it is well known for factors other than lack of water. Thirdly it is going to cause increasing hardship to growing numbers of the population. Management of water resources in Jordan’s is the main environmental challenge.

Jordan has a total area of 809 million sq. km., and a population of around 4.5 million inhabitants. The greater part of Jordan consists of an extention of the Arabian high plateau desert. Jordan’s towns and villages are concentrated within a narrow triangle of land between the Syrian border, the Jordan Rift Valley and the East Jordan until the hills on which the capital Amman is built.

The country consist of three distant geographic regions, from west to east as follows:

The Jordan Rift Valley Region (Ghor): a gigantic fault that extends from lake Tiberias in the north, via the Dead Sea, to the Gulf of Aqaba in south. It includes the lowest depression on earth.

The mountainous Region: the central part of the country; east of the Rift Valley, with mountains reaching heights of 1200-1500 meters, and characterized by relatively mild weather and winter rain; this is the area where more than 90% of Jordan’s population live.

The Eastern Desert Region (The Badia): comprising approximately 80% of the country’s land area.

There is no dout that high and rapid population increase has great effect on the development processes on the one hand, and the disturbance of population distribution on the other. The population increase has had negative effects on the environment in terms of concentration around urban areas and main cities where the demand on social and security services and public facilities.

This leads to the decreasing of the capacity of these facilities to meet demands resulting from the rapid emergence of unplanned slum and squatter areas which lack most services and basic facilities. It also the leads to the emergence of environmental pollution due to dumping wastes in the alleys and open yards of burning wastes in an unhealthy way. This is reflected in the emergence of large and numerous population settlements at the expense of agricultural land (thus decreasing agricultural productivity).

Desertification is one of the most important causes of environmental deterioration, and is due to the disturbance of the environmental balance by natural and human factors. The danger of desertification is that it cannot be contracted after a certain phase. Studies show that land-productivity deterioration due to desertification is highest in the marginal area followed by the highlands.

With respect to population distribution, 88% of the population inhabits the northwestern region of Jordan. The Amman governorate accommodates 43%, while Irbid, Zarqa and Balqa areas accommodate 24% and 7% ofthe population, respectively that means that Amman Governorate will be inhabited by 2 million at the end of this century, and Irbid will have one million. Total density in Jordan is 39 p/km2, in 1991 and Amman Governorate will increase 186p/km2.

The improvement of social and economic conditions and the migration from rural to urban areas led to an increase in the urban population percentage: from 36.3% in 1952 to 43.9% in 1961, to 60.3% in . At present, 70% of Jordanians are living in urban areas.

Over 3.5 million people, live in urban centers (communities larger than 5.000 inhabitants).

The municipality of Greater Amman alone accommodates 35% of Jordan’s population (almost 1.5 million people in 1995). Annual growth of the urban population currently is about 4.3% indicating further concentration of inhabitants in urban centers, when compared to the national population growth of 3.5% per year.

The negative effects of urban and industrialization development are likely to increase with increasing urbanization and industrial action. There are three main environmental urban issues: waste management, air pollution and uncontrolled urban expansion. It is needed not to forget the other National problems that are more concentrated in urban centers; such as poverty, unemployment, and availability of water.

The large urban centers have problems of lack of suitable public transport, and sufficient quantity of private cars that put more pressure on air pollution, and consumption of imported energy, due to the of lack of petroleum resources in the country.

The car becomes the most important feature of the country and becomes indispensable for the people. It also became the scale of designing and planning of the city. The urban centers lack public spaces and gardens within the housing districts, except the governmental projects.

There are not many studies carried out on urban growth in smaller cities of Amman, An important and interesting study published by Dr. Ahmad Al-Rabaia in 1982 through Jordan University titled “The migration of Rural People from the Northern Ghor to the Irbid town”: stated many observations e.g. : that the most difficulties found by migrants in their first period in the town was 79.6% a housing problem, 35.6 % suffered from rising level of life cost, and 12 % faced problems of transportation. Some of the migrants used to build their Tents on their arrival (tents usually they passed unnoticed in Jordan, because they give the idea of not permanent shelter and which it is the characteristics of Nomads).

Tents in town are used for free rent houses rather for appropriate buildings, migrants used to change these shelters by building cheep houses of cement blocks of one or two rooms for the household. The growth of these houses created a lot of problems for the town like the delivery of potable water electricity & services. From another side the expansion of the city came at the expense of arable land.

Ferthere more that planning comities in the municipality of Irbid decided to expand the territory of Irbid to allow space for and Industrial Zone. Infrastructures being developed in big urban centers like Amman & Irbid gave these centers more power to increase pull factors which help to encourage rural migrants to leave their original places to towns.

Awareness of people’s responsibilities towards their environment is not seen clearly in Jordan on medium scale, e.g. people are aware of controlling their houses (micro-environment or indoor space). They are not keen enough to take care of out door and wider environment such as roads and public spaces. This behavior is more noticed in urban communities but in rural communities and small ones. This because in villages and badia not exists the face to face relationship, therefore awareness and sharing responsibility are available in peoples culture.

Habitat and environment need more public awareness, more distribution of information and education to inhance people to participate and share duties to take care of the local, national and global environment.

Public and private sectors in Jordan are very active to implement best ideas to reach their goal. In private sector, a number of NGOs are helping the governmental departments and international agencies in the country. One of these is Jordan Environment Society whose members are around four thousand including (75) national institutions, (924) are university and school students. The JES is founded in 1988 in Amman city but now it has over twenty branches.

JES’s membership is open to all concerned citizens who desire to build a national environmental movement in Jordan. JES’s goals are:

1. To work towards the adoption of policies and application of necessary standards and procedures to protect the Jordanian environment and control pollution within frame work of the National Environment Strategy.
2. To attract concerned people and specialists in the fields of environmental protection and provide the appropriate conditions which are conducive to initiatives and participation in the effort to reach a clean environment.
3. To identify environmental pollution problems and to participate in finding solutions to them according to priorities.
4. To promote environmental awareness of all sectors of the society and help to create individual and national commitment in dealing with issues of the environment and nationalizing the use of its elements.

One of the most important key positions for urban environment in Jordan is “Housing and Urban Development Corporation”. After more than thirty years of history and experience in helping the country to build the urban and rural environment it reached a proper philosophy. The corporation has put a number of convincing ideas to resolve the problems related to the housing and environmental management in the country.

These ideas are based on decentralization of power, localization of decision making and participation of the people to share responsibilities.

The Corporation is trying to project for the future by focusing on local authorities such as Municipalities and rural communities to take their duty to control and build their habitat by themselves because the communities know what they need. They have their own land. They have the control of water supply, sewage, and roads.

The HUDC now is on Reforming Housing Policy in Jordan based on creating partnership with the private sector: and HUDC will take a role of the FACILITATOR between the two sectors.

HUDC being the Environment’s umbrella of the housing sector has initiated an Evaluation Directorate, whereby studies and research are done to give and recommend to the government the information and strategies affecting the sector.

The Evaluation Directorate has been studying and following up the implementation of the National Housing Strategy (NHS). Accordingly, it has also been working on a set of indicators representing the housing and urban sector, reflecting the actual situation as a tool for laying the right strategies.

The National Housing Strategy (NHS) was prepared between the year 1985 and 1987 and was finally adopted in 1988. The NHS was mainly directed towards “the guided private sector”. Accordingly it tackled the following where the recommendations came accordingly:

1. Access to appropriate residential land.
2. Housing finance for lower income households.
3. Building technologies and construction industry
4. Shelter sector subsidies and their targeting.
5. Contributions of different housing delivery systems.
6. Institutional framework.

HUDC being the housing umbrella, hosts the activities of many of the actors in the sector.

HUDC has long been promoting and helping the actors to take a better role in the urban development process.

• The private developers.
• Financial agencies.
• NGO’s CBO’s.
• Media in human settlements development society.
• Arab women network in human settlement development.

To implement these ideas both governmental and non governmental organization consider that Mass Media is the main partner to motivate peoples awareness, desire and requirement for better future.

A cooperative founded by media and press people who are interested in the development process. It works mainly on building trust and understanding between the citizen and decision maker ... where they are allowed to participate in what formulates their life and their society.

Formed in 1995, (muds) is co-supported by HUDC and the United Nations Management Program, where HUDC is providing logistic and technical assistance.

• Build Urban awareness by introducing the organizations working in the development sector, while stressing the right of all to adequate housing.
• Show out the problems and difficulties facing the Jordanian cities especially with the continuos and rapid urban changes in the development process.
• Building-up the media capacities to cope with continuous changes in the urban development sector.
• Produce reading materials and brochures about the urban development process and ways to implement it sustainable.
• Cooperate with other NGO’s, CBO’s, government agencies, private sector ... in solving and clearing certain problems facing the urban sector, such as the environment, reduction of poverty, land management, local authorities and preservation of heritage.

In spite of all efforts made, the housing problem has remained unsolved. The causes of the problem have to be identified and deciseve policies have to be devised to cope with it :

1. The volume of the housing needs have been a result of:

1. Natural population growth has exceeded the average. Growth rates have to be controlled. In pursuing the goal, family planning programs should be supported and diversified.
2. Expansion of cities due to migration from rural areas: Coping with this situation requires short-term programs based on regional planning to divert the migration. Other long-term programs should be aimed at halting the migration, by balanced distribution of citie’s facilities among the other parts of the country, which could help to eliminate forces leading to the migration.

2. Economic situations and individual low income: This study has indicated that a major cause of migration and unemployment has been the educational policies which failed to plan and stress the need for practical studies and vocational skills, needed to carry out the development projects.

3. Housing programs based on high centralization and imported methods lacked public participation.

Wars, poverty, and ignorance are the principle enemies of Human race and global environment. Therefore to overcome these problems:

1. There is a need to spread principles of Human rights to live in peace.
2. To give people rights to develop their environment by sharing responsibilities and management.
3. The need for laws and legislation’s to defend the environment against pollution and degradation of land .
4. Making more studies and researches for appropriate technologies suitable for everybody’s situation to be implemented without obstacles.

Al-Faqih, Salim & El-Ghul, Ali;

Al-Tall, Sufyan & Sara, Yasser;

Al-Rabayaa, Ahmad;

D.E.; National Environment Strategy for Jordan,

HCST; Policies & Strategies of Science & Technologies for the Environment

(Jordan Government, Amman, Jordan 1993)

HUDC; Annual Report

HUDC; “Papers of the conference of Evaluation of Housing sector”

(J.G., Amman, Jordan, 1995, in Arabic).

JES; “ Dana: Stockholders Workshop, 11-12 May, 1997 “

JES; Annual Report, 1996

R.H.C.; Jordan Diary 1997 ,